In today’s digital age, entrepreneurs are constantly seeking innovative ways to fund their projects and bring their ideas to life. Indiegogo, a popular crowdfunding platform, has emerged as a powerful tool for entrepreneurs to raise capital and gain market validation. This platform allows creators to showcase their products or services to a global audience, offering a unique opportunity to secure funding and build a community of supporters.
For entrepreneurs looking to make money with Indiegogo, several key strategies can maximize their chances of success. These include selecting the right project that resonates with the platform’s audience, developing a strong pre-launch marketing plan, and designing an eye-catching campaign page. Additionally, creating tiered perks to encourage contributions, engaging one’s network for initial momentum, and collaborating with influencers and press can significantly boost a campaign’s visibility and success rate. By mastering these techniques, entrepreneurs can tap into Indiegogo’s potential to turn their innovative ideas into profitable realities.
Choosing the Right Project for Indiegogo
Selecting the appropriate project for Indiegogo is crucial for entrepreneurs aiming to make money through crowdfunding. Indiegogo offers a platform for a wide range of innovative ideas, from technology and design to creative ventures and community projects [1]. To maximize the chances of success, entrepreneurs should carefully consider several factors when choosing their project.
Understanding the Platform’s Audience
Indiegogo has a global network of early adopters and backers from over 235 countries [2]. This diverse audience is interested in supporting creative and innovative projects across various categories. Some popular categories on Indiegogo include:
- Tech and innovation
- Energy and green tech
- Food and beverage
- Home
- Health and fitness
- Transportation
- Creative arts (including dance, theater, comics, music, film, and photography)
- Animal rights
- Community projects
- Human rights [1]
Entrepreneurs should assess whether their project aligns with the interests of Indiegogo’s audience to increase their chances of attracting backers.
Evaluating Project Viability
Before launching a campaign, entrepreneurs should evaluate the viability of their project. This involves considering the following aspects:
- Clear objectives: The campaign should have a thoughtful pitch that clearly explains how the funds will be used to move the project forward [3].
- Transparency: Campaigns that are not transparent with their story, goals, and project status tend not to attract contributors [3].
- Team credibility: Backers often assess the people behind the campaign. Entrepreneurs should provide information about their background, experience, and passion for the project [3].
- Realistic funding goals: Setting appropriate funding targets is essential. Entrepreneurs should consider whether their project requires a strict minimum amount of funding to be successful [4].
Choosing the Right Funding Option
Indiegogo offers two types of funding options: flexible and fixed. Entrepreneurs should carefully consider which option best suits their project’s needs [4].
- Flexible Funding:
- Allows entrepreneurs to keep all funds raised, even if the campaign doesn’t reach its goal.
- Suitable for projects that can fulfill perks with partial funding.
- Ideal for entrepreneurs who have secured additional funding sources [4].
- Fixed Funding:
- All-or-nothing approach; funds are only kept if the campaign reaches or surpasses its goal.
- Appropriate for projects with strict minimum funding requirements.
- Can provide extra confidence to backers, as funds are returned if the target isn’t met [4].
Entrepreneurs should choose their funding structure wisely, as it cannot be changed once the campaign is launched [5].
Preparing for Campaign Success
To increase the likelihood of a successful campaign, entrepreneurs should:
- Develop a strong pre-launch marketing plan to generate initial interest.
- Create compelling content, including an eye-catching video thumbnail and engaging project description [6].
- Design tiered perks to encourage contributions from a wide range of backers.
- Engage their personal network for initial momentum.
- Consider collaborating with influencers and press to boost visibility.
By carefully selecting the right project and preparing thoroughly, entrepreneurs can leverage Indiegogo’s platform to validate their ideas, acquire starter capital, and build a community of supporters [2]. It’s important to remember that contributing to an Indiegogo campaign is not the same as making a purchase in a store. Backers are supporting an idea, project, or cause they care about, and they accept the risks associated with early-stage projects [3].
Building a Pre-Launch Marketing Strategy
A well-crafted pre-launch marketing strategy is crucial for entrepreneurs looking to make money with Indiegogo. This phase sets the foundation for a successful campaign by generating buzz, building an audience, and preparing for a strong launch.
Setting Clear Goals
Before diving into pre-launch activities, entrepreneurs should define specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals for their campaign. This includes determining the funding target and other key performance indicators to track progress effectively [7].
Identifying the Target Audience
Understanding the target audience is essential for tailoring marketing messages and reaching the right people. Entrepreneurs should spend time analyzing their ideal backers’ demographics, interests, and pain points. This information guides content creation efforts and helps craft compelling messages that resonate with the audience [7].
Creating a Compelling Story
In the crowded world of crowdfunding, a compelling story sets a campaign apart. The story should be authentic, relatable, and emotionally engaging. Entrepreneurs need to explain why their project matters and how it solves a problem or fulfills a need. Using storytelling techniques can captivate the audience and make them feel invested in the campaign [7].
Developing a Pre-Launch Page
A Pre-Launch Page is a powerful tool to build buzz and collect email addresses from potential backers. It serves as a central place to direct social media posts, test messaging, and gather contact information. On average, emails convert 34% more than other forms of outreach, making email collection a crucial part of the marketing strategy [8].
To create an effective Pre-Launch Page:
- Keep text short and simple, focusing on the campaign’s key points.
- Use high-quality visuals to showcase the product effectively.
- Implement a strong call-to-action that creates excitement and urgency.
- Test different messaging to determine what resonates best with the audience.
- Track traffic using tools like Conversion and Remarketing Pixels for Google Adwords and Facebook Pixel [8].
Building an Email List
The size of the email list can significantly impact the campaign’s success. Typically, there’s a 5% conversion rate on launch announcement emails. To reach 30-50% of the funding goal from the initial email alone, entrepreneurs should aim to collect a substantial number of email addresses [8].
Planning the Launch Strategy
A successful launch involves both a soft launch and a hard launch:
- Soft Launch: Engage the inner network of supporters to build initial momentum.
- Hard Launch: Share the campaign with the broader target audience and media [9].
Creating a Launch Schedule
Preparing a launch schedule helps optimize the enthusiasm generated during the pre-launch phase. Here’s a recommended timeline:
- One week prior to launch: Send an email to the inner circle of backers, explaining the project’s importance and hinting at exclusive early-bird perks.
- Three days prior to launch: Reveal the specific launch day and time, share campaign details, and highlight early-bird perks.
- Launch day: Send a final reminder email with a strong call-to-action and prominently display the campaign link [9].
By following these strategies, entrepreneurs can create a solid foundation for their Indiegogo campaign, increasing their chances of reaching and exceeding their funding goals. Remember, pre-launch marketing is about building relationships, generating excitement, and preparing for a successful campaign launch.
Designing an Eye-Catching Campaign Page
Designing an eye-catching campaign page is crucial for entrepreneurs looking to make money with Indiegogo. A well-crafted page can capture the attention of potential backers and effectively communicate the project’s value. To create a compelling campaign page, entrepreneurs should focus on several key elements.
Creating a Powerful First Impression
The first few seconds are critical when someone visits a campaign page. Entrepreneurs have a limited window to make a lasting impression and grab the viewer’s attention. Visual design plays a crucial role in this process. Using high-quality photographs that showcase the product in use or colorful infographics illustrating the project’s impact can immediately draw in potential backers [10].
To create a powerful first impression:
- Use a high-resolution, colorful main image (minimum 620px x 415px) that captures curiosity and communicates the essence of the campaign [4].
- Ensure the campaign card image is eye-catching, as it appears on Indiegogo’s homepage and category pages [4].
- Consider using close-up shots of a person or product that stands out [4].
- Show the product or idea in context to help viewers understand its application [4].
Crafting a Compelling Story
A clear and compelling story told through text, video, and images can make the difference between merely hitting the funding goal and far exceeding it [4]. To craft an engaging narrative:
- Keep the top of the page concise to capture attention quickly [4].
- Break up large blocks of text with headers and photos to improve readability [4].
- Use consistent spacing and clear subject headings to establish trust with first-time viewers [10].
- Share details about the team, important events, or people that shaped the project [11].
- Explain exactly why funds are being raised and provide a specific budget breakdown [11].
Utilizing Visuals Effectively
Innovative visuals are critical to a campaign’s success. In fact, campaigns with a pitch video raise four times more than those without one [10]. To utilize visuals effectively:
- Create a short video (1-3 minutes) that expresses goals and intentions [11].
- Make the first ten seconds of the video count, as they can be leveraged for future marketing [11].
- Use music to set the tone for the video and campaign [11].
- Include images and videos between sections of text to break up copy [11].
- Consider using infographics to efficiently show the impact of the idea [10].
Structuring the Page for Maximum Impact
A well-structured page helps potential backers quickly understand the project and its value. Indiegogo has partnered with Piktochart to offer entrepreneurs a template for designing campaign pages efficiently [10]. To structure the page effectively:
- Use a full-sized image and description at the top to summarize the big idea with visual impact [10].
- Implement clear and consistent formatting throughout the page [10].
- Use infographic templates to create timelines, charts, and icon-oriented graphics [10].
- Combine product photos with infographics to help backers understand both the product and its impact quickly [10].
By following these guidelines, entrepreneurs can create an eye-catching campaign page that effectively communicates their project’s value and increases the likelihood of reaching or exceeding their funding goals on Indiegogo.
Creating Tiered Perks to Maximize Contributions
Creating tiered perks is a crucial strategy for entrepreneurs looking to maximize contributions on Indiegogo. Perks are incentives offered to backers in exchange for their support, and they play a significant role in the success of a campaign. In fact, campaigns offering perks raise 143% more money than those that do not [12].
Understanding the Importance of Perks
Perks serve multiple purposes in a crowdfunding campaign. They help attract a larger audience, make people feel more valued for their contributions, and aid in spreading the word about the campaign [12]. By offering a variety of perks at different price points, entrepreneurs can appeal to a wider range of potential backers and encourage higher contribution levels.
Types of Perks
When designing perks, entrepreneurs should consider offering different kinds to appeal to various backer preferences:
- Material Perks: These include the product being crowdfunded or other physical items like t-shirts.
- Personal Perks: These can be acknowledgments for contributing, social media interactions, or handwritten thank-you notes.
- Experiential Perks: Unique experiences such as tickets to a film premiere or studio time with a band [12].
Strategically Pricing Perks
Pricing perks effectively is crucial for maximizing contributions. Here are some key insights:
- $25 perks are the most frequently claimed.
- $100 perks raise the most money, often making up nearly 30% of total funds raised [12].
When setting perk prices, entrepreneurs should carefully consider manufacturing costs, shipping expenses, and the time required for fulfillment to ensure they’re not losing money [12].
Creating a Tiered Structure
To create an effective tiered perk structure, consider the following strategies:
- Discount Stacking: This approach works well for campaigns launching a single product. Offer increasingly better deals at higher price points to encourage larger contributions [13].
- Value Stacking: Ideal for campaigns selling multiple stand-alone products or those in the Gaming category. In this strategy, the value increases as the price goes up [13].
- No-Brainer Deal: When selling a product with low-cost add-ons, include these in higher-priced tiers to drive more campaign revenue [13].
Implementing Early Bird and Exclusive Offers
Early bird offers and exclusive perks can be powerful motivators for backers:
- Limited Time Offers: Create urgency by offering special perks for a limited time, typically in the first few days of the campaign [13].
- Exclusive Access: Provide behind-the-scenes content or early access to surveys where backers can contribute ideas for additional rewards [13].
- Secret Perks: Utilize Indiegogo’s secret perk feature to create customized offers for specific audience segments or to run flash sales without angering existing backers [14].
Managing Perk Fulfillment
While creating attractive perks is important, entrepreneurs must also consider their ability to fulfill these promises:
- Realistic Quantities: Set realistic caps on the number of contributions for each perk, considering the challenges of scaling [12].
- Delivery Estimates: Provide accurate estimated delivery dates for perks and update these as needed [15].
- Perk Management: Use Indiegogo’s platform to easily add, edit, or hide perks as needed throughout the campaign [15].
By carefully designing and managing tiered perks, entrepreneurs can significantly boost their campaign’s success on Indiegogo. Remember to balance attractiveness with feasibility, and always keep the backer’s perspective in mind when creating and pricing perks.
Engaging Your Network for Initial Momentum
Engaging one’s network is crucial for entrepreneurs looking to build initial momentum for their Indiegogo campaigns. By leveraging personal connections and strategic outreach, campaign creators can significantly boost their chances of success.
Building a Strong Foundation
The first step in engaging one’s network is to build a strong foundation of support. This involves reaching out to friends, family, colleagues, and communities to ask for their backing and encourage them to share the campaign [16]. Personal outreach often proves more effective than simply sharing on social media platforms [16].
To create a solid base of support, entrepreneurs should:
- Discuss the project with close contacts to clarify the campaign’s story and goals [16].
- Practice a clear Call to Action during phone conversations with potential supporters [16].
- Provide specific instructions on how people can support the project, including where to find it and what actions to take [16].
Leveraging Email Outreach
Email outreach plays a critical role in building early momentum for an Indiegogo campaign. In fact, emails convert 34% more effectively than other forms of outreach [17]. To harness the power of email marketing:
- Build an email list prior to launch using Indiegogo’s Pre-Launch Page feature [17].
- Aim to raise the first 30% of the funding goal from a “Host Committee” before officially launching the campaign [18].
- Utilize contacts from Gmail, Facebook, Twitter, and other social channels to build comprehensive email lists [18].
Creating a Host Committee and Early Supporter Network
Establishing a Host Committee and an Early Supporter Network can significantly impact a campaign’s initial success. The Host Committee consists of passionate individuals committed to contributing and emailing their networks on behalf of the project [18]. The Early Supporter Network is a larger group of potential backers interested in the project [18].
To effectively utilize these networks:
- Reach out to the Host Committee a few weeks before launch, asking them to contribute and email their contacts on the day the campaign goes live [18].
- Consider organizing a launch party to generate excitement among the Host Committee [18].
- Contact Early Supporters a few days before launch and again immediately after going live to secure early funding and build momentum [18].
Leveraging Social Media and Online Presence
An active online presence is essential for engaging one’s network effectively. Entrepreneurs should:
- Build and maintain a strong presence through websites, blogs, and social media channels [19].
- Share regular updates about the campaign and create compelling content that resonates with the target audience [19].
- Utilize videos, visuals, and personal stories to amplify the campaign’s message [19].
- Identify the most relevant social media platforms for the target audience and develop a strategic engagement plan [19].
Implementing Cross-Posting Strategies
Cross-posting content across various platforms can significantly increase a campaign’s visibility and reach. This strategy involves sharing content from one platform to multiple others, exposing the project to new audiences and potentially attracting more backers [20]. To implement cross-posting effectively:
- Use cross-posting before, during, and after the campaign to generate interest, create urgency, and keep backers updated [20].
- Find and engage with relevant online communities on platforms like Reddit, LinkedIn, and Facebook groups [20].
- Add value to these communities by connecting the project with their interests, rather than simply advertising [20].
By implementing these strategies, entrepreneurs can effectively engage their networks and build the initial momentum necessary for a successful Indiegogo campaign. Remember to maintain consistent communication, provide timely updates, and foster a strong sense of community throughout the campaign process.
Collaborating with Influencers and Press
Collaborating with influencers and press can significantly boost an Indiegogo campaign’s visibility and credibility. This strategy has the potential to drive traffic, increase contributions, and establish trust among potential backers.
Leveraging Influencer Marketing
Influencer marketing has become a powerful tool for crowdfunding campaigns. It involves partnering with content creators who have a significant online presence and audience [21]. The primary goal is to spread awareness of the product and campaign, efficiently gaining access to wide pools of potential leads [21].
When selecting influencers, entrepreneurs should consider the “three R’s” system:
- Relevance: Ensure the product aligns with the influencer’s profile and audience interests [21].
- Reach: Focus on influencers who are well-known within the target audience [21].
- Resonance: Pay attention to metrics such as engagement rates and follower count [21].
It’s recommended to focus on micro and nano influencers rather than mega, macro, or mid-tier influencers [21]. These smaller influencers often have more engaged audiences and can be more cost-effective for campaigns.
Engaging with Press and Media Outlets
Media coverage can make a significant difference for a crowdfunding campaign [22]. To secure press coverage, entrepreneurs should:
- Develop relationships with journalists before needing coverage [23].
- Create a media list of relevant publications and journalists [23].
- Prepare a well-crafted press release with key information about the campaign [22].
- Offer product samples for reviews [23].
When reaching out to media contacts, include:
- A brief introduction and the reason for contact
- An overview of the project
- How the project relates to the outlet’s audience
- What’s in it for them (e.g., exclusive content, early access) [22]
Creating Compelling Content
Collaborating with influencers and press often involves creating engaging content. This can include:
- Engaging posts, captivating videos, and live streams [24].
- Giveaways or contests to incentivize participation [24].
- Product reviews and testimonials [24].
- Behind-the-scenes looks and interviews with creators [24].
- Personal stories about why influencers support the project [24].
Maximizing the Impact of Collaborations
To get the most out of influencer and press collaborations:
- Be willing to advertise and promote news articles featuring the campaign [23].
- Implement a referral program for media partners [22].
- Offer exclusive access or perks to create a sense of exclusivity [24].
- Consider cross-promotion opportunities with influencers who have their own products or services [24].
By effectively collaborating with influencers and press, entrepreneurs can significantly enhance their Indiegogo campaign’s reach and success. Remember to maintain authentic relationships, provide value to partners, and create content that resonates with the target audience.
Managing Funds and Budgeting Post-Campaign
Successfully raising funds through an Indiegogo campaign is just the beginning of an entrepreneur’s journey. The post-campaign phase requires careful management of funds and meticulous budgeting to ensure the project’s success and fulfillment of promises made to backers.
Understanding Fund Disbursement
Entrepreneurs should be aware that funds raised through Indiegogo are not immediately available. Typically, it takes about 15 days for the funding to be disbursed [4]. This delay should be factored into the project timeline and budget planning.
Allocating Funds Wisely
Once the funds are received, it’s crucial to allocate them judiciously. Entrepreneurs should prioritize the following areas:
- Product Development: Ensure that the majority of the funds go towards developing and refining the product as promised in the campaign.
- Perk Fulfillment: Set aside a significant portion for manufacturing and delivering perks to backers. On average, shipping costs should account for 10-15% of funds raised, with a maximum of 20% depending on the item category [25].
- Shipping and Logistics: Consider working with a third-party logistics (3PL) company for fulfillment, especially if processing over 100 shipments a month [26]. This can help save money and time on shipments.
- Marketing and Communication: Allocate resources for ongoing communication with backers and potential future marketing efforts.
Budgeting for Shipping and Fulfillment
Shipping and fulfillment costs can quickly escalate and eat into profits if not carefully budgeted. To avoid this pitfall:
- Calculate shipping costs based on product weight, dimensions, and target market [26].
- Consider flat-rate shipping options for certain product sizes and volumes [26].
- Factor in international shipping regulations and potential additional costs for cross-border shipments [26].
- Utilize shipping calculators, like Easyship’s, to estimate costs more accurately [26].
- Build shipping costs into perk prices to ensure the campaign remains profitable [25].
Implementing Cost-Saving Strategies
To maximize the impact of raised funds, consider these cost-saving strategies:
- Multi-Courier Approach: Work with a mix of domestic and international couriers for a cost-efficient last-mile shipping strategy [26].
- 3PL Partnerships: Outsourcing to a 3PL can reduce shipping costs by 15% to 35% through lower transportation costs and bulk shipping negotiations [26].
- Strategic Warehousing: Utilize multiple warehouses in strategic locations to cut down on shipping times and costs [26].
Maintaining Transparency and Communication
Regular updates to backers are crucial, especially after the campaign ends. Entrepreneurs should:
- Keep backers informed about project progress, perk delivery timelines, and fund allocation [27].
- Be transparent about any delays or challenges faced during the fulfillment process [27].
- Engage backers in problem-solving if unexpected issues arise, as they can be a valuable resource [27].
Planning for Future Growth
While focusing on fulfilling current campaign promises, entrepreneurs should also consider:
- The possibility of launching follow-up campaigns to support project growth [27].
- Maintaining engagement with backers as potential lifelong fans and customers [27].
- Evaluating the need for additional funding sources, such as small business loans, depending on the project’s scale and future goals [28].
By carefully managing funds, implementing cost-effective strategies, and maintaining open communication with backers, entrepreneurs can successfully navigate the post-campaign phase and lay a strong foundation for their project’s future growth.
Conclusion
Indiegogo has become a game-changer for entrepreneurs looking to bring their ideas to life. By leveraging the platform’s global reach, creators can tap into a diverse pool of backers, validate their concepts, and secure the initial capital needed to kick-start their projects. The strategies outlined in this article, from crafting compelling campaign pages to engaging with influencers and press, provide a roadmap to maximize the chances of success on Indiegogo.
To wrap up, the journey doesn’t end when the campaign closes. Smart fund management and transparent communication with backers are crucial to turn a successful fundraising effort into a thriving business. By following these guidelines and staying adaptable, entrepreneurs can use Indiegogo as a springboard to launch innovative products, build loyal communities, and ultimately make money while bringing their visions to reality.
FAQs
What are some tips for achieving success on Indiegogo?
To run a successful campaign on Indiegogo, consider the following strategies: Clearly define your campaign’s goals and identify your target audience. Create an engaging campaign page and video that convey your message effectively and include attractive visuals. Develop a comprehensive marketing and promotion plan. Additionally, set realistic funding targets and choose an appropriate duration for your campaign.
How can funds be withdrawn from Indiegogo?
To withdraw funds from Indiegogo, log into your account and go to the “Withdrawal” section. From there, you can start the withdrawal process by selecting the amount you wish to withdraw, ensuring it meets the minimum required for payout. After selecting your amount, submit your withdrawal request.
Which Indiegogo campaign has raised the most money?
As of June 2023, the most successful Indiegogo campaign was MATE X, a foldable eBike, which raised nearly $17.6 million. The second highest fundraiser was Flow Hive 2, a beehive honey extraction tool, which garnered about $14.96 million.
What does InDemand mean on Indiegogo?
InDemand on Indiegogo is a feature that allows campaigns that have reached their initial funding goals by their deadline to continue raising funds indefinitely. This service enables creators to keep growing their community and accepting contributions even after the official crowdfunding campaign has concluded.
References
[1] – https://www.easyship.com/blog/indiegogo-101
[2] – https://entrepreneur.indiegogo.com/how-it-works/
[3] – https://support.indiegogo.com/hc/en-us/articles/526816-How-to-Evaluate-a-Campaign
[4] – https://learn.indiegogo.com/creating-your-campaign-essential-guide/
[5] – https://support.indiegogo.com/hc/en-us/articles/205138007-Choose-Your-Funding-Type-Can-I-Keep-My-Money
[6] – https://entrepreneur.indiegogo.com/education/article/optimize-crowdfunding-campaign-success/
[7] – https://www.launchboom.com/blog/resources/how-to-market-your-pre-launch-on-indiegogo/
[8] – https://entrepreneur.indiegogo.com/education/article/how-to-build-pre-launch-page/
[9] – https://learn.indiegogo.com/prepping-for-campaign-launch-essential-guide/
[10] – https://go.indiegogo.com/blog/2016/10/design-professional-campaign-page-minutes.html
[11] – https://support.indiegogo.com/hc/en-us/articles/204469638-Create-a-Campaign-Step-by-Step
[12] – https://support.indiegogo.com/hc/en-us/articles/205157097-Perks-How-to-Use-Perks-to-Raise-Funds
[13] – https://www.launchboom.com/blog/the-science-of-reward-tiers-maximizing-backer-incentives/
[14] – https://www.launchboom.com/blog/secrets-to-using-secret-perks-on-indiegogo-98e1d6b8893c/
[15] – https://support.indiegogo.com/hc/en-us/articles/209674868-Perks-How-to-Create-Edit-and-Remove-Perks
[16] – https://www.quora.com/How-can-I-gain-many-people-to-donate-to-my-funding-on-Indiegogo-Gofundme
[17] – https://entrepreneur.indiegogo.com/education/article/seven-exclusive-tools-to-get-more-backers/
[18] – https://support.indiegogo.com/hc/en-us/articles/204510298-Email-Outreach
[19] – https://www.launchboom.com/blog/resources/how-to-create-a-successful-indiegogo-campaign/
[20] – https://www.launchboom.com/blog/how-to-promote-your-indiegogo-campaign/
[21] – https://www.launchboom.com/blog/the-role-of-influencer-partnerships-in-crowdfunding-success/
[22] – https://www.launchboom.com/blog/how-to-get-press-coverage-for-your-crowdfunding-campaign/
[23] – https://www.crowdcrux.com/techniques-get-press-coverage-indiegogo-campaign/
[24] – https://izea.com/resources/influencer-marketing-for-crowdfunding/
[25] – https://learn.indiegogo.com/planning-your-campaign-essential-guide/
[26] – http://entrepreneur.indiegogo.com/education/article/how-to-budget-shipping-costs-for-crowdfunding/
[27] – https://go.indiegogo.com/blog/2012/01/5-things-to-know-after-your-campaign-is-over.html
[28] – https://web.uri.edu/risbdc/old-blog-page/crowdfunding-11-elements-of-a-successful-crowdfunding-campaign/